It is becoming a commonplace that the institution of literature works to nationalist ends. cit., vol. Renan himself was deeply committed to a Germanist approach, as the title of a study by Georges Sorel, '[The] Germanism arid historicism of Ernest Renan', makes clear.4 Those who are familiar with English history will know of the rhetoric regarding the Norman yoke, and will recall how often, across the centuries, the Anglo-Saxons have been depicted as the true English nation. Various critics have noted that Whitman never refers to his poetry as writing, as a material, textual object; it is always a voice, a chant, a yawp, an incantation.10 Everything possible is done to create by means which always of course remain graphic a sense of the incarnate presence of the poet's voice and body. cit., p. 29. 6 The fame of the Germania clearly derived from its apparent celebration of the unsullied moral virtues of the ancient Germans, for example, their disregard for precious metals (G,5), the chastity of their women (G,18), and their warrior spirit, qualities which earned the praise of almost all European publicists, from the time of its redisovery in the fifteenth century. 9 This (apparent?) in J. Derrida, V. Descombes et al.. La Faculte de juger (Paris: Minuit, 1985), pp. He provides a careful genealogy of the national idea as it emerges mythically from the Germanic tribes, and more recently in the interrelations between the struggle to consolidate the Third Republic and the emergence of Durkheimian sociology. The younger generation was split between the poetic vanguard of Borges and early Neruda who inherited the 'splendid isolation' of the modernists, and an exalted or rebellious neo-Romanticism which gradually led back to the 'old habit of taking part in political affairs',13 though most of these writers seemed no longer to hope for political leadership. This essay asks when, and in terms of what discourse, it first became possible to suggest that English paintings might have distinctive qualities of their own, which might contribute to, rather than detract from, their value; and it considers why it came to seem important to make that suggestion. Another problem was how Argentines could maintain political power while encouraging foreigners to make fortunes. the novelist has isolated himself.35 Benjamin's thesis is that, in our time, 'experience has fallen in value' as a result of the cultural development of printing, especially in the form of the newspaper; and so (although he comes at it from a different angle), he joins Anderson in coupling novel and newspaper as the decisive print media of bourgeois society. By Walt Whitman. 6 3 - 6 (tr. document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(stylesheet); We should immediately note the catastrophic reversal which this sentence operates on a reflection by Vaille, for whom 'no doubt political necessities were behind the creation of the post'. It was a matter of organising the march of troups dispersed on all sides, and the packet contained orders for all the people subordinate to the intendant in the execution of this project, so that the intendant would only have to sign, and so that the messengers would not reveal the secret. . France, England, Germany and Russia will, for centuries to come, no matter what may befall them, continue to be individual historical units, the crucial pieces on a chequerboard whose squares will forever vary in importance and size but will never be wholly confused with each other. The barbarian invasions were, appearances notwithstanding, a further step along this same path. A new passivity comes into being one of whose favoured sites is the dream. For the nation, as a form of cultural elaboration (in the Gramscian sense), is an agency of ambivalent narration that holds culture at its most productive position, as a force for 'subordination, fracturing, diffusing, 4 Homi K. Bhabha reproducing, as much as producing, creating, forcing, guiding'. Suffice it to say that it is not long before we find Reynolds arguing that local customs, too, may be admitted in painting, and he lays down the principle by which their admission is to be regulated which is not much more helpful than "that by which universal customs were to be allowed. It is to Gallegos' credit that his 'archetypes' 59 are less, or more, than ideal. I spoke just now of 'having suffered together' and, indeed, suffering in common unifies more than joy does. 186-7. If marriage is a 'cause' of national stability, it is also an 'effect' of the nation. Therefore, to consider immigrant poetry, for example, is, under those circumstances, perverse. If one pursues the kinship metaphor this is rather mind-boggling. In 1847 the Argentine historian, future general, and president, Bartolome Mitre, published a manifesto promoting the production of nation-building novels. . cit., p. 14. For Lyn Only the Civil War persuades it that it needs to register the clashing by night of different armies; and even then it does not linger long upon the disturbing implications. On what grounds can this be legitimated, more particularly when the language used is patently either not English, or, if English, then filtered through a previous and other culture or language? (Ed.). He simply finds them, apprehends them by the power of imagination.17. 33 Secondly, Renan never denied that it was the particular contribution of the French Revolution to have proclaimed that a nation exists of itself (Renan, 1882). 13 Anderson, op. . cit., vol. It is reminiscent both of Paine's exhortation, 'Lay then the axe to the root', and of Burke's attack on the notion that the principles of liberty can be 'settled upon any abstract rule', or that the science of constructing or reforming a commonwealth can 'be taught a priori'.41 The 'tree of knowledge', writes Reynolds, on which the advocates of rational reform pretend to say that mankind now have battened, does not grow upon a new made, slender soil, but is fastened by strong roots to ancient rocks, and is the slow growth of ages. This is not to deny the attempt by nationalist discourses persistently to produce the idea of the nation as a continuous narrative of national progress, the narcissism of self-generation, the primeval present of the Volk. I will certainly not be the first to notice this connection. Timothy Brennan produces a panoramic view of the western history of the national idea and its narrative forms, finally to take his stand with those hybridizing writers like Salman Rushdie whose glory and grotesquerie lie in their celebration of the fact that English is no longer an English language. After some fairly lengthy preliminaries, it will get down to arguing that the suggestion was first made by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in writings which, however, and for reasons I will discuss, were remarkably unsuccessful in persuading other writers on painting. Rather they offer counter-readings to an avowed public monoculturalism. 82 See, for example, essays by Marcel Mauss or by Robert Hertz. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Only with Leavis does criticism broach the problems posed by the novel. 20, 33. The 'childhood' syndrome thus begins to look like a case of wilful infantilism, a false innocence. . See Myra Jehlen, 'New World epics: the novel and the middle-class in America', Salmagundi, a Quarterly of the Humanities and Social Sciences, no. There are but few of strength sufficient to climb the summit of this rock, from whence indeed they may look down to us and the clouds below. A. Omodeo, La Cultura Francese nell'eta della Restaurazione (Milan, 1946). These rights, which predate the Norman yoke, shape English liberty. Both senses are less efficient than sight as modes of access to a whole world. Read 9 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. In Doha Barbara (1929), the future Venezuelan president Romulo Gallegos projects a double emancipation, from an internal tyrant and her external ally; that is, from the local boss, Barbara, and her North American accomplice, Mr Danger. 6, ed. This law is not subject to the will of those, who by an obligation above them and infinitely superior, are bound to submit their will to that law. of course, it's your riphl I" dis1 regard this friendly advice if you feet so inclinetl. The ideal erotic relationships that Marmol describes are truly radical in the context of romance. It's working hard now with the idea of quitting someday. Justification of territorial claims often rested upon the interpretation of classical texts, such as Tacitus's Germania or Dante's Commedia. The language here is well calculated: ornament takes on the character of a procurer or, more likely, a procuress, because (the assumption is) it can most easily move its potential public by an appeal to their sensual rather than their rational nature.40 But the ends will justify the means, because our taste, when fully developed, will transcend the sensuality which first attracted it. David Simpson is Professor of English at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Towards the end of the seventh address, this implication is at once reinforced, and justified as compatible with the civic discourse Reynolds seems now almost to have abandoned, by an argument he offers in favour of the notion that a painter should not entirely neglect the ornamental, and thus should to some extent acknowledge the narrow, local, and transitory prejudices of his public. Neither in Egypt nor in China were there citizens as such. . You too far everywhere . There are not ten families in France that can supply proof of their Frankish origin, and any such proof would anyway be essentially flawed, as a consequence of countless unknown alliances which are liable to disrupt any genealogical system. That ethical power which produced new images internal to a social framework is transformed into a renunciatory withdrawal into custom, culture, soulmaking. It is also pointed Denaturalizing cultural nationalisms 105 out that there needs to be a distinction between 'political' and 'cultural' independence (implicitly a retort to descendants of A. . Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. The author is frankly realist [in his approach]. var gptAdSlots = gptAdSlots || []; "ebfg_email", "ebfg_sms"]; Jorge Luis Borges jokes about the repetitive circularity and the impossible pride of starting anew in an essay called 'The wall and the books'. Denaturalizing cultural nationalisms 111 Government documents arguing for multiculturalism have been careful to address the fears of divisiveness and social fracturing by insisting that institutions will be held in common. . You copy. 481-510. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. To appreciate this counter-tradition of repeated denials it is important to know that for a long time the main current of Latin American literature took its engagement with politics for granted. She seemed to invite writing. 163-78. See, for example, J. Davis and B. Hodge (eds), Aboriginal Writing Today (Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1985), and K. Benterrak, S. Muecke, P. Roe, et al, Reading the Country (Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 1984). 78 E. Durkheim, The Division of Labour in Society, trans. Death-dealing machismo became a thing of the past. In O guarant (1857) he narrates Brazil's possible idyll once Indians and Europeans learn to love one another. 5 (London, 1815), pp. After the long civil wars, progress and prosperity depended on national consolidation which needed reconciliation, not exclusion, of differences. 'The war of 1813 15', wrote Renan, 'was the only one in our century to have an epic and lofty quality.' Astonishing events may occur, and these are likely to have a symbolic or ideological rather than a realistic plausibility. In its late, anti-imperialist, and 'populist' expressions romance valorizes virility as a uniquely male attribute by definition, while it tries to distinguish between good and bad men. Speaking in parables and working miracles, the 'Counsellor' wins an immense following dedicated to chasing the Devil from the land, and enraptured by his call to 'animate your collective memory in order to remember the future'. . var ue_sn = "www.goodreads.com"; If Conversation in the Cathedral followed the logic of his epigraph there from Balzac, that 'the novel is the private history of nations', and was filled with Vargas Llosa's own personal reminiscences of Peruvian life under Odria in the 1950s, The War of the End of the World, precisely because of Brazil's relative cultural distance within a common Latin American reality, allowed for a more reportorial stance, the country separated from him not only by language and geography, but by time, since the story's events take place in 18967. 7 Postal politics and the institution of the nation Geoffrey Bennington Approaches It is tempting to try to approach the question of nation directly, by aiming for its centre or its origin. 34 ibid., p. 134; Spectator, 10 May 1711. 'Do you want to know, for example, what the discovery of America was like? Very well then . And mutual interest fix the mutual friend.23 If this was a plausible view in the early 1800s, it was much less so later in the century. He does not feel the linguistic legacies of the parent culture as oppressive, but rather as initiatives now at last to be fulfilled. 29 Discourses, pp. window.Mobvious.device_type = 'mobile'; Perhaps it is not accidental that those poems in which Whitman's posture of mastery seems most threatened (even when it is vindicated) are those in which he describes himself among the Civil War wounded, and doing a lot of touching. cit., pp. . The difficult postwar question of the often-perceived threat of free labour to the interests of northern workers is not addressed directly; but it must be said that Whitman certainly does not endorse this threat either. (p. 172). 47 Thomas Paine, Rights of Man [17912], ed. W.D. Both participants in bourgeois, national revolutions and later commentators emphasize the relation between the nationalist cause and free trade within a single territory. To insert non-Anglo-Celtic traditions here would involve de-privileging this old opposition even when it surfaces in the guise of a debate between the nationalists and the putative internationalists. Similarly, no apparent gesture of power is really such, since every atom of each belongs to all. 67 See Lukes, op. 2767. . His most recent books are The Politics of American English, 1776-1850 (1986) and Wordsworth's Historical Imagination: The Poetry of Displacement (1987). 190 David Simpson Names are the turning point of who shall be master. 3 One result was that national history in Latin America often read as if it were the inevitable story of organic development. One suspects here an admission of the emptiness that had perhaps always underpinned the poet's celebrations of human plenitude, and a recognition of the anatomy of alienation within his own 'social' personality. stylesheet.type = "text/css"; 30 Past and Present (London: Dent, 1960), p. 151. It Denaturalizing cultural nationalisms 101 also transforms the 'foundations' and 'standards' (in the sense of the figurative economy) of these literary and cultural histories and, in consequence, changes the nature of the ideological closures suggested by terms such as 'excellence', 'works of international standards', and so forth which are invoked but never, of course, defined, at least explicitly. Gogol, too, concentrates the downfall of the Cossacks in the romance of Taras Bulba. The secession, you will say to me, and, in the long term, the disintegration of nations will be the outcome of a system which places these old organisms at the mercy of wills which are often none too enlightened. But it is a long way from what we have to reconstruct as a typical situation. 16 On the conflation of the many and the one in Whitman's poetry, see Larzer Ziff, 'Whitman and the crowd', Critical Inquiry, 10 (19834), pp. But for them, while the grounds of classic realism are lost, the project of imagining goes on. Yet it does seem to me that to read the novel's history as developing within the frame of the civil Imaginary and counter-revolution is to come to terms with the postcolonial novel, in particular, in ways which might have practical implications. If new collectivities are formed on a basis other than papal or dynastic authority, on what basis? There can be no genuine, effective independence without the communication resources needed to safeguard it. But Montesquieu's examples are far from being clear and univocal. The hegemonic project of the class that would be dominant had to win the support of other interests for a (usually) liberal national organization that would benefit them all, just as the hero of romance won the heroine and her family through love and practical concern for their well-being. . It tends to form our young persons from Lorraine, Provence, Brittany and Paris in terms of an abstract, ideal man, who is everywhere the same, whereas our need will be for men rooted solidly in our soil, in our history, in our national consciousness. Above all I should like to thank James Donald, Stephen Feuchtwang and Robert Young for having listened and talked and read with such commitment that they turned my task into a common pursuit. Information, however, lays claim to prompt verifiability. How naive! . 44 That The Bulletin is continuing its tradition is illustrated by a recent issue containing an article by D. Barrett, 'How the bloated ethnic industry is dividing Australia', The Bulletin, 18 February 1986, pp. 23 B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983), p. 15. . Their desire is ultimately contained in the lap of family life. cit., p. 19. mod.). Also missing is 'liberty', the central attribute of humanity for Enlightenment thought. As we watch the rise of Canudos and follow the dreams of its inhabitants the reaction of the outside world gets full play in the novel. And whether the law be formulated as difference or differend, it is also a law of the inter-nation (though not as international law), with which to negotiate a survival.37 March 1986 Notes 1 'We know the scene: there are men gathered round, and someone telling them a story . googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); For example, D. Modjeska, Exiles at Home (London and Sydney: Sirius, 1981), and Ferrier, op. It is the fusion of their component populations. II, pp. Without songs, architecture, history: The emotions and superstitions of younger lands, her rivers of water down among inland sands, The river of her immense stupidity. It presupposes a past; it is summarized, however, in the present by a tangible fact, namely, consent, the clearly expressed desire to continue a common life. No, it is no more soil than it is race which makes a nation. cit., p. 108. Before French, German, or Italian culture there is human culture. For national customs and customary institutions so shape the mind of a nation that it may be said that they constitute a people as a nation. This was Europe's ideal, Imaginary39 realm for the bourgeois project of coordinating feeling with reason, passion with productivity. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi, foreword by Fredric Jameson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984). 8 Destiny made manifest 179 To query these claims, we should not accuse him, as did the Boston Christian Examiner (1856), of some 'impertinence towards the English language' (Critical Heritage, p. 62). If there is an essential identity of self and other, then there can be no imposition all forms of self-projection are sympathetic to and one with what is already there. . 1213. It seems difficult, in fact, to talk of the books' commonality when the projects they advocate are so varied, ranging from racism to abolitionism, from nostalgia to modernization, from free trade to protectionism. 52 And Amalia stands up to Rosas' terror by telling his police chief that 'only the men are afraid; but we women know how to defend their forgotten dignity'. In the Idler it had been freely acknowledged that the standards of beauty in Ethiopia and in Europe would be different. Thierry, op. There is so much virtue in names that a nation which produces its own names, haughtily adheres to them, and subordinates others to them, leads all the rest of the nations of the earth, (p. 34) In the same spirit, William Swinton's Rambles Among Words (1859), much of which is thought to have been written by Whitman, is eloquent about an American English that 'absorbs whatever is of use to it, absorbs and assimilates it to its own fluid and flexible substance' in a 'rich copious hospitable flow'.27 And again, we wonder what happens to what is not 'of use', and how limited the hospitality might be. 22 Reflections on the Revolution in France and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies Relative to that Event, ed. . . 45 Burke, op. The magic realists in a much stronger move no longer ground their messages in the authority of their persons, though they continue to trade in experiences which bear traces of feeling and memory. 'Talks', Diacritics, vol. Originally published in Cuba in 1971, this novel has already gone through fourteen editions, winning acclaim in Latin America and in the Soviet Union. Viewed from the margins, then, Scott's 'middle-brow' exemplarity becomes questionable.37 Still, Scott was a model of what a fully integrated national culture could be, just as the extra-ordinary heroes of Latin American romance were. I Since the fall of the Roman Empire or, rather, since the disintegration of Charlemagne's empire, western Europe has seemed to us to be divided into nations, some of which, in certain epochs, have sought to wield a hegemony over the others, without ever enjoying any lasting success. . Before analysing the central tenets of The Ancient City, a work which was much acclaimed, and which was reprinted twelve times between 1864 and 1888, it may be worth considering the qualities which earned Fustel de Coulanges the admiration of so many readers, both in his own time and since. 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